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Who buys Russian oil and gas: buyers, prices and revenue

Over the latest window, the largest confirmed buyers of Russian fossil fuels were China (€9.4 bn), India (€4.6 bn), Türkiye (€0.9 bn) (CREA Russia Fossil Tracker). Russia's tax price for Urals is 92.08 $/bbl, but the realised price to western-bound buyers is 78.13 $/bbl, and China pays 240.3 $/1,000 m³ for pipeline gas.

Seaborne crude exports
3.21 mln bbl/day
Stress 32/100
Seaborne crude exports to China (ESPO)
1.28 mln bbl/day
Stress 60/100
Urals crude (with discount)
78.13 $/bbl
Stress 0/100

Indicators

Seaborne crude exports3.21 mln bbl/day · 32

CREA tracker of tanker flows; sensitive to refinery strikes and sanctions.

02040Stress 0–10031.0816.0930.0912.1025.1006.112026-08-31: 002026-09-04: 22026-09-05: 162026-09-07: 72026-09-08: 72026-09-09: 72026-09-10: 72026-09-11: 72026-09-12: 72026-09-13: 72026-09-14: 72026-09-15: 72026-09-16: 72026-09-17: 72026-09-18: 72026-09-19: 72026-09-20: 72026-09-21: 02026-09-22: 32026-09-23: 02026-09-24: 02026-09-26: 182026-09-27: 292026-09-28: 482026-09-29: 342026-09-30: 192026-10-01: 232026-10-02: 82026-10-03: 352026-10-04: 492026-10-05: 51512026-10-06: 462026-10-07: 462026-10-08: 462026-10-09: 52026-10-10: 52026-10-11: 52026-10-12: 52026-10-13: 52026-10-14: 52026-10-15: 02026-10-16: 02026-10-17: 02026-10-18: 02026-10-19: 02026-10-20: 02026-10-21: 02026-10-22: 102026-10-23: 62026-10-24: 302026-10-25: 122026-10-26: 82026-10-27: 42026-10-28: 142026-10-29: 292026-10-30: 332026-10-31: 382026-11-01: 122026-11-02: 72026-11-03: 172026-11-04: 222026-11-05: 242026-11-06: 3232

Historical context (reconstructed)

3.53.7544.25mln bbl/day (seaborne crude)2024-032025-092025-102026-YTD2026-072026-092024-03: 3.83.82025-09: 3.773.772025-10: 4.114.112026-YTD: 3.493.492026-07: 4.214.212026-09: 3.543.54
Range: 3.49–4.21 mln bbl/day (seaborne crude)Latest: 3.54 mln bbl/day (seaborne crude)Peak: 2026-YTD (9)
Stress over time (0–100)
02550751000–1002024-032025-092025-102026-YTD2026-072026-092024-03: 002025-09: 002025-10: 002026-YTD: 992026-07: 002026-09: 55
Periodmln bbl/day (seaborne crude)Stress
2024-033.80
2025-093.770
2025-104.110
2026-YTD3.499
2026-074.210
2026-093.545

Longest defensible public series behind this metric — annual, open sources. Reconstructed context, not the live value; no interpolation. Sources: Kommersant/Forbes — seaborne crude exports Mar 2024 3.8 mln b/d (+5% YoY) · S&P Global — seaborne crude 3.77 mln b/d (Sep 2025)

Sources: CREA tracker

Details →
Seaborne crude exports to China (ESPO)1.28 mln bbl/day · 60

CREA (auto): how much Russian crude ships east to China — the eastern leg's volume, a direct driver of hard-currency revenue.

20406080Stress 0–10026.0904.1012.1021.1029.1006.112026-09-26: 30302026-09-27: 322026-09-28: 382026-09-29: 352026-09-30: 432026-10-01: 482026-10-02: 492026-10-03: 492026-10-04: 492026-10-05: 522026-10-06: 502026-10-07: 502026-10-08: 502026-10-09: 402026-10-10: 402026-10-11: 402026-10-12: 402026-10-13: 402026-10-14: 402026-10-15: 242026-10-16: 242026-10-17: 322026-10-18: 282026-10-19: 212026-10-20: 242026-10-21: 262026-10-22: 222026-10-23: 222026-10-24: 222026-10-25: 10102026-10-26: 102026-10-27: 182026-10-28: 302026-10-29: 372026-10-30: 512026-10-31: 73732026-11-01: 582026-11-02: 582026-11-03: 602026-11-04: 692026-11-05: 652026-11-06: 6060

Sources: CREA tracker

Details →
Urals crude (with discount)78.13 $/bbl · 0

CREA/Argus (auto): Urals = Brent − discount.

01020Stress 0–10031.0816.0930.0912.1025.1006.112026-08-31: 002026-09-04: 02026-09-05: 02026-09-07: 02026-09-08: 02026-09-09: 02026-09-10: 02026-09-11: 02026-09-12: 02026-09-13: 02026-09-14: 02026-09-15: 02026-09-16: 02026-09-17: 02026-09-18: 02026-09-19: 02026-09-20: 02026-09-21: 02026-09-22: 02026-09-23: 02026-09-24: 02026-09-26: 17.22026-09-27: 17.42026-09-28: 17.12026-09-29: 16.12026-09-30: 16.62026-10-01: 14.82026-10-02: 13.32026-10-03: 17.62026-10-04: 16.22026-10-05: 16.42026-10-06: 18182026-10-07: 182026-10-08: 182026-10-09: 15.42026-10-10: 15.42026-10-11: 15.42026-10-12: 152026-10-13: 152026-10-14: 152026-10-15: 11.22026-10-16: 11.62026-10-17: 11.42026-10-18: 9.72026-10-19: 8.92026-10-20: 7.32026-10-21: 7.32026-10-22: 3.12026-10-23: 0.92026-10-24: 02026-10-25: 02026-10-26: 02026-10-27: 02026-10-28: 02026-10-29: 02026-10-30: 02026-10-31: 02026-11-01: 02026-11-02: 02026-11-03: 02026-11-04: 02026-11-05: 02026-11-06: 00

Historical context (reconstructed)

6080100120$/bbl2023-012026-092023-01: 49492026-09: 113113
Range: 49.48–113.41 $/bblLatest: 113.41 $/bblPeak: 2023-01 (59)
Stress over time (0–100)
02550751000–1002023-012026-092023-01: 59592026-09: 00
Period$/bblStress
2023-0149.4859
2026-09113.410

Longest defensible public series behind this metric — annual, open sources. Reconstructed context, not the live value; no interpolation. Sources: TAdviser — Urals $49.48 (Jan 2023) · Minfin — Urals $113.41 (17 Sep 2026)

Sources: CREA (реализ., Индия+Турция)

Details →
Urals tax price (MinEcon)92.08 $/bbl · 0

MinEcon: September 2026 average $92.08/bbl (+62% YoY); Interfax estimate for 1–16 Oct about $104.7.

Sources: Минэкономразвития

Details →
Urals-to-Brent discount29.22 $/bbl · 47

CREA (auto): key sanctions indicator — how cheaply Russia must sell.

6080100Stress 0–10031.0816.0930.0912.1025.1006.112026-08-31: 53532026-09-04: 532026-09-05: 532026-09-07: 532026-09-08: 532026-09-09: 532026-09-10: 532026-09-11: 532026-09-12: 532026-09-13: 532026-09-14: 532026-09-15: 532026-09-16: 532026-09-17: 532026-09-18: 532026-09-19: 532026-09-20: 532026-09-21: 532026-09-22: 532026-09-23: 532026-09-24: 532026-09-26: 732026-09-27: 622026-09-28: 812026-09-29: 802026-09-30: 672026-10-01: 582026-10-02: 732026-10-03: 782026-10-04: 762026-10-05: 782026-10-06: 752026-10-07: 772026-10-08: 882026-10-09: 782026-10-10: 842026-10-11: 842026-10-12: 882026-10-13: 872026-10-14: 892026-10-15: 812026-10-16: 822026-10-17: 96962026-10-18: 942026-10-19: 922026-10-20: 822026-10-21: 892026-10-22: 922026-10-23: 962026-10-24: 882026-10-25: 852026-10-26: 942026-10-27: 802026-10-28: 482026-10-29: 522026-10-30: 532026-10-31: 582026-11-01: 562026-11-02: 542026-11-03: 602026-11-04: 562026-11-05: 542026-11-06: 4747

Sources: CREA

Details →
Russian crude price to China (ESPO)100.84 $/bbl · 0

CREA (auto): FOB realized value of crude to China — a proxy for the ESPO-dominated eastern price, not the Argus ESPO quote.

010Stress 0–10020.0930.0909.1019.1028.1006.112026-09-20: 16.616.62026-09-21: 002026-09-22: 02026-09-23: 02026-09-24: 02026-09-26: 02026-09-27: 02026-09-28: 02026-09-29: 02026-09-30: 02026-10-01: 02026-10-02: 02026-10-03: 02026-10-04: 02026-10-05: 02026-10-06: 02026-10-07: 02026-10-08: 02026-10-09: 02026-10-10: 02026-10-11: 02026-10-12: 02026-10-13: 02026-10-14: 02026-10-15: 02026-10-16: 02026-10-17: 02026-10-18: 02026-10-19: 02026-10-20: 02026-10-21: 02026-10-22: 02026-10-23: 02026-10-24: 02026-10-25: 02026-10-26: 02026-10-27: 02026-10-28: 02026-10-29: 02026-10-30: 02026-10-31: 02026-11-01: 02026-11-02: 02026-11-03: 02026-11-04: 02026-11-05: 02026-11-06: 00

Sources: CREA

Details →
Pipeline gas exports to EU23.3 % of 2021 · 81

ENTSOG/Bruegel flows; a lost market and structural blow to Gazprom.

8085Stress 0–10031.0816.0930.0912.1025.1006.112026-08-31: 86.286.22026-09-04: 86.52026-09-05: 86.72026-09-07: 86.82026-09-08: 86.82026-09-09: 86.82026-09-10: 86.82026-09-11: 86.82026-09-12: 86.82026-09-13: 86.82026-09-14: 86.82026-09-15: 86.82026-09-16: 86.82026-09-17: 86.82026-09-18: 86.82026-09-19: 86.82026-09-20: 86.82026-09-21: 87.82026-09-22: 87.72026-09-23: 88.32026-09-24: 88.888.82026-09-26: 88.82026-09-27: 88.42026-09-28: 88.12026-09-29: 88.12026-09-30: 88.12026-10-01: 882026-10-02: 87.82026-10-03: 87.92026-10-04: 882026-10-05: 88.12026-10-06: 88.22026-10-07: 87.52026-10-08: 86.82026-10-09: 86.12026-10-10: 85.62026-10-11: 85.42026-10-12: 85.32026-10-13: 84.92026-10-14: 84.52026-10-15: 84.22026-10-16: 842026-10-17: 83.62026-10-18: 83.32026-10-19: 82.92026-10-20: 82.52026-10-21: 82.22026-10-22: 81.82026-10-23: 82.62026-10-24: 82.62026-10-25: 82.62026-10-26: 82.62026-10-27: 81.12026-10-28: 81.32026-10-29: 81.32026-10-30: 81.22026-10-31: 81.12026-11-01: 80.92026-11-02: 80.92026-11-03: 80.82026-11-04: 80.680.62026-11-05: 80.72026-11-06: 80.780.7

Historical context (reconstructed)

50100150bcm (pipeline to EU)2021202220232021: 1571572022: 62622023: 2525
Range: 25.1–157 bcm (pipeline to EU)Latest: 25.1 bcm (pipeline to EU)Peak: 2023 (88)
Stress over time (0–100)
02550751000–1002021202220232021: 002022: 64642023: 8888
Periodbcm (pipeline to EU)Stress
20211570
20226264
202325.188

Longest defensible public series behind this metric — annual, open sources. Reconstructed context, not the live value; no interpolation. Sources: Forbes — Russia supplied 157 bcm to EU in 2021 · Widely reported EU pipeline imports from Russia 2022 (~60 bcm)

Sources: ENTSOG/Bruegel

Details →
LNG exports (under sanctions)60 index · 57

KSE/OSINT; sanctions on Arctic LNG hamper exports.

Historical context (reconstructed)

202530Mt (Russia LNG exports)2021202320242026-H12021: 30.330.32023: 29.329.32024: 30.530.52026-H1: 16.716.7
Range: 16.7–30.5 Mt (Russia LNG exports)Latest: 16.7 Mt (Russia LNG exports)
PeriodMt (Russia LNG exports)Stress
202130.3—
202329.3—
202430.5—
2026-H116.7—

Longest defensible public series behind this metric — annual, open sources. Reconstructed context, not the live value; no interpolation. Sources: OSW — LNG exports ~29→30.3 Mt y/y (pre-war) · Seala/industry — Russia LNG ~45 bcm / ~30.5 Mt (2023)

Sources: KSE/OSINT

Details →
Pipeline gas price to China240.3 $/1,000 m³ · 80

MinEcon data (via The Insider): China paid $240.3 per 1,000 m³ in 2025 vs $406.5 for other far-abroad buyers.

Sources: Минэкономразвития (через The Insider)

Details →
Fossil-fuel export revenue (weekly)5.04 € bn/wk · 0

CREA tracker; falling revenue tightens the war chest.

010Stress 0–10031.0816.0930.0912.1025.1006.112026-08-31: 002026-09-04: 6.12026-09-05: 72026-09-07: 17.817.82026-09-08: 17.82026-09-09: 17.82026-09-10: 17.82026-09-11: 17.82026-09-12: 17.82026-09-13: 17.82026-09-14: 17.82026-09-15: 17.82026-09-16: 17.82026-09-17: 17.82026-09-18: 17.82026-09-19: 17.82026-09-20: 17.82026-09-21: 02026-09-22: 02026-09-23: 02026-09-24: 02026-09-26: 02026-09-27: 02026-09-28: 02026-09-29: 02026-09-30: 02026-10-01: 02026-10-02: 02026-10-03: 02026-10-04: 02026-10-05: 02026-10-06: 02026-10-07: 02026-10-08: 02026-10-09: 02026-10-10: 02026-10-11: 02026-10-12: 02026-10-13: 02026-10-14: 02026-10-15: 02026-10-16: 02026-10-17: 02026-10-18: 02026-10-19: 02026-10-20: 02026-10-21: 02026-10-22: 02026-10-23: 02026-10-24: 02026-10-25: 02026-10-26: 02026-10-27: 02026-10-28: 02026-10-29: 02026-10-30: 02026-10-31: 02026-11-01: 02026-11-02: 02026-11-03: 02026-11-04: 02026-11-05: 02026-11-06: 00

Historical context (reconstructed)

80828486€ bn/yr (oil export revenue; >60% via shadow fleet)202420252024: 80802025: 85.585.5
Range: 80–85.5 € bn/yr (oil export revenue; >60% via shadow fleet)Latest: 85.5 € bn/yr (oil export revenue; >60% via shadow fleet)Peak: 2024 (0)
Stress over time (0–100)
02550751000–100202420252024: 002025: 00
Period€ bn/yr (oil export revenue; >60% via shadow fleet)Stress
2024800
202585.50

Longest defensible public series behind this metric — annual, open sources. Reconstructed context, not the live value; no interpolation. Sources: Obozrevatel/CREA — 2024 oil revenue >€80bn · The Insider — 2025 oil revenue ~€85.5bn (-18%)

Sources: CREA tracker

Details →
Shadow-fleet share of oil exports70 % · 73

KSE/CREA: rising share evades the price cap but adds interdiction risk.

Historical context (reconstructed)

505560% of seaborne oil exports20242026-012024: 60602026-01: 47.747.7
Range: 47.7–60 % of seaborne oil exportsLatest: 47.7 % of seaborne oil exportsPeak: 2024 (54)
Stress over time (0–100)
02550751000–10020242026-012024: 54542026-01: 3232
Period% of seaborne oil exportsStress
20246054
2026-0147.732

Longest defensible public series behind this metric — annual, open sources. Reconstructed context, not the live value; no interpolation. Sources: Obozrevatel/KSE — >60% of seaborne oil via shadow fleet (2024) · NV — 47.7% sanctioned tankers (Baltic, Jan 2026)

Sources: KSE/CREA

Details →

Frequently asked questions

Who buys Russian oil?

Recent CREA data show the largest confirmed buyers as China (€9.4 bn), India (€4.6 bn), Türkiye (€0.9 bn). The Buyers page lists purchases by country and by fuel: crude, products, pipeline oil, LNG, gas and coal.

Who buys Russian gas?

Russia sells pipeline gas mainly to China and to Turkey and a few south-eastern European countries, and LNG to remaining buyers. China currently pays 240.3 $/1,000 m³ for pipeline gas; EU pipeline exports read 23.3 % of 2021.

How much does Russia earn from oil and gas exports?

Weekly fossil-fuel export revenue reads 5.04 € bn/wk. The budget gets a tax price of 92.08 $/bbl per barrel but pays oil companies 403.7 ₽ bn/mo a month through the damper and reverse excise, so net budget revenue is much lower.

Related pages

Confirmed buyers by countryBarrel economicsRefinery mapTopicsOpen data

All series are published as open data (CC BY 4.0). Download this data

Note. Values of manual indicators are the authors' expert estimates from the listed open sources, not measured figures; weights and scale calibration are subjective and open to revision. Automated market series come from public APIs. A prototype, not investment or political advice.
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